发挥金融对外贸企业支持作用

Leverage Financial Support for Foreign Trade Enterprises

民营企业已成为我国外贸主力军，在复杂多变的外部环境中抗风险能力持续增强。其中，离不开金融风险防控和支持机制发挥作用。

Private enterprises have emerged as the mainstay of China's foreign trade, with steadily enhanced risk resilience amid a volatile external environment, backed by effective financial risk prevention and supportive mechanisms.

最新数据显示，今年前4个月，我国货物贸易进出口总值16.23万亿元人民币，同比增长14.9%。从外贸主体看，民营企业、外商投资企业、国有企业进出口分别增长15.9%、15.4%、9.8%。民营企业已然成为我国外贸的主力军，在复杂多变的外部环境中抗风险能力持续增强，展现出强劲韧性。其中，离不开金融风险防控和支持机制发挥作用。

Latest statistics show China's total import and export of goods reached 16.23 trillion yuan in the first four months of this year, a year-on-year increase of 14.9%. By business entity, foreign trade volume of private enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and state-owned enterprises rose by 15.9%, 15.4% and 9.8% respectively. Private enterprises stand firmly as the core force of foreign trade, boasting robust anti-risk capability and strong resilience, thanks to sound financial risk control and support systems.

外贸发展离不开金融赋能。金融服务能够化解跨境资金周转压力。其一，外贸业务订单周期普遍较长，备货、物流、结算环节资金占用多，回款存在账期差异。信贷、保理、订单融资等金融产品，使得外贸企业凭出口订单、应收账款或投保保单就能融资，可以缓解企业流动资金短缺，保障采购、生产、履约全链条稳定运转，避免因资金链断裂错失订单。

Foreign trade growth relies heavily on financial empowerment, which eases pressures on cross-border capital turnover. First, foreign trade usually features long order cycles with substantial capital tied up in stock preparation, logistics and settlement, as well as varied payment terms. Financial products including credit loans, factoring and order financing allow enterprises to secure funds against export orders, accounts receivable and insurance policies. This alleviates liquidity shortages, ensures stable operation of procurement, production and contract performance, and prevents order losses caused by capital chain breakdowns.

其二，当外贸企业面临汇率波动、买方违约、国别政治风险、信用风险等多重不确定性时，远期结售汇、外汇期权、出口信用保险、保函等金融工具，能锁定汇率成本、规避坏账损失、抵御海外市场突发风险，稳定企业经营预期。

Second, faced with uncertainties such as exchange rate fluctuations, buyer defaults, geopolitical and credit risks, financial instruments like forward foreign exchange settlement and sale, forex options, export credit insurance and guarantees help lock exchange rate costs, avoid bad debt losses, fend off sudden overseas market risks and stabilize business expectations.

其三，跨境收付涉及不同币种、跨境清算规则、外汇管制等问题，银行跨境结算、跨境本币支付、第三方跨境金融服务，可简化收付流程、提升结算效率、减少汇兑成本，保障贸易资金安全高效流转。

Third, cross-border payments involve diverse currencies, settlement rules and foreign exchange regulations. Cross-border banking settlement, local currency payment and third-party financial services streamline transaction procedures, boost settlement efficiency, cut exchange costs and guarantee safe and efficient capital flows.

其四，金融服务能够助力企业拓展海外市场。中长期出口信贷、海外投融资、供应链金融等配套服务，能支持企业承接大额长期海外订单，布局海外仓与境外分支机构，开展跨境合作，降低出海门槛，提升国际市场竞争力。

Fourth, financial services facilitate overseas market expansion. Medium and long-term export credit, overseas investment and financing, and supply chain finance support enterprises in securing large long-term overseas orders, building overseas warehouses and branches, conducting cross-border cooperation, lowering overseas expansion barriers and sharpening global competitiveness.

不过，外贸企业在实际经营中仍面临金融服务痛点。例如，企业流动性资金压力犹存，市场多元化背景下小币种汇率风险扩大，出口信用保险精准度不够，金融科技应用广度和深度不足，等等。对此，仍需多措并举，构建“银行+保险+平台+政府”深度协同的外贸金融生态。

Nevertheless, foreign trade enterprises still face difficulties in accessing financial services, including lingering liquidity pressure, mounting risks of minor currency exchange rate fluctuations amid market diversification, insufficient targeted export credit insurance, and limited application scope of financial technology. Multiple measures are required to build an integrated foreign trade financial ecosystem with close collaboration among banks, insurers, service platforms and government authorities.

继续加大信贷与融资支持。强化政策性金融引领，发挥进出口银行、信保机构的主力作用，扩大外贸专项信贷规模，优先支持中小微、专精特新外贸企业。降低中小微企业融资门槛，围绕外贸企业真实贸易流设计融资产品，推广订单融资、保单融资、应收账款质押融资，减少抵押担保要求，对暂时困难但有订单的外贸企业续贷展期。

We will step up credit and financing support. Policy-based finance will play a guiding role, with the Export-Import Bank and credit insurance institutions acting as major forces. Special credit funds for foreign trade will be expanded, prioritizing support for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises as well as specialized, sophisticated, unique and innovative foreign trade firms. Financing access thresholds will be lowered for SMEs. Financing products will be tailored based on authentic trade flows, including order-based financing, policy-backed financing and accounts receivable pledge financing. Collateral requirements will be eased. Loan renewal and maturity extension will be granted to enterprises facing temporary difficulties yet holding valid orders.

构建小币种汇率避险服务体系。在企业端，优先采用人民币或美元作为计价结算货币，将汇率风险纳入项目成本预算，从源头减少不可对冲的小币种敞口。在银行端，中资银行应加快在新兴市场的海外布局，加强与当地金融机构的代理行合作，提升小币种业务的做市和报价能力，提供远期结售汇、外汇期权、掉期等产品，支持“锁汇+融资”组合，帮助企业锁定成本、稳定利润。

Enterprises are encouraged to settle transactions in RMB or US dollars and incorporate exchange rate risks into project budgets to curb unhedged minor currency exposure from the outset. Domestic banks will accelerate overseas expansion in emerging markets and deepen cooperation with local financial counterparts to enhance market-making and quotation capacity for minor currency businesses. Instruments such as forward foreign exchange settlement and sale, forex options and swaps will be offered, alongside combined exchange rate locking and financing services, to help enterprises fix costs and secure profits.

优化跨境结算与外汇便利化。扩大高水平开放试点，拓宽跨境贸易便利化试点地区与业务范围，支持“货款+运费+仓储费”等净额结算，减少汇款笔数与费用。简化优质企业收付汇，对合规优质企业实施“展业原则+极简审核”，支持经常项目资金集中收付、批量自动审核，提升结算效率。

Improve Cross-border Settlement and Foreign Exchange Facilitation. High-level opening-up pilots will be expanded to cover more regions and business categories. Net settlement covering payment for goods, freight and warehousing fees will be supported to cut remittance volumes and costs. Foreign exchange procedures will be simplified for reputable compliant enterprises under prudent yet streamlined review rules. Centralized receipt and payment of current account funds and bulk automatic verification will be adopted to boost settlement efficiency.

扩大出口信用保险精准度。提高短期险承保率、降低费率，加大对新兴市场、中小微企业、产业链的承保力度；推广中长期险、政治风险保险。推动“银行+信保+政府风险补偿”共担风险，降低银行放贷顾虑，扩大信用类贸易融资覆盖面，将海关、税务、外汇、社保等合规信息纳入征信，推广“信易贷”，以信用换融资，减少担保依赖。

Enhance Targeted Export Credit Insurance Services. The coverage ratio of short-term insurance will be raised and premium rates lowered, with greater insurance support extended to emerging markets, SMEs and industrial chains. Medium and long-term insurance and political risk insurance will be widely promoted. A joint risk-sharing mechanism involving banks, credit insurers and government compensation funds will ease lending concerns and expand unsecured trade financing. Compliance data from customs, taxation, foreign exchange and social security authorities will be incorporated into credit assessment systems. Credit-based loans will be popularized to grant financing based on credibility and reduce collateral reliance.

强化金融科技深度嵌入外贸场景。打造数据贯通的一站式跨境金融服务平台，整合智能结算、汇率管理、快速融资和资讯分析四大功能，强化区块链在贸易凭证真实流转、海关与银行数据互认等方面的应用，利用大数据、AI分析企业交易、物流、税务数据，精准画像、智能审批，实现数据真实性的可验证和可信流转，打破“信息孤岛”，强化金融服务与外贸需求的精准对接，提升中小微贷款可得性与风控效率。

Deeply Integrate FinTech into Foreign Trade Scenarios. A one-stop cross-border financial service platform with interconnected data will be built, integrating intelligent settlement, exchange rate management, instant financing and information analysis. Blockchain technology will be applied to verify authentic trade documents and realize data mutual recognition between customs and banks. Big data and artificial intelligence will analyze corporate transaction, logistics and tax information to generate accurate enterprise profiles and enable intelligent loan approval. Verified and credible data flow will break information silos, align financial services with trade demands precisely, and improve SME loan accessibility and risk control efficiency.

(作者系对外经济贸易大学国家对外开放研究院教授、博士生导师蓝庆新)

(Author: Lan Qingxin, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, National Academy of Opening-up Studies, University of International Business and Economics)